The sixteenth century background:  

 

Interesting Dates

1471 – first book printed in English, completed in Cologne

Movable type (printing) established in England by not later than 1486 (William Caxton, Wynkyn de Worde)

1492 – Columbus reaches the Americas

1509 – accession of Henry VIII

1516 – Sir Thomas More’s Utopia published, in Latin, in Louvain

1517 – Martin Luther starts what would become the Reformation

1521 – founding of Cambridge University Press

1523 – William Tyndale begins to translate the Bible into English

1530 – all vernacular Bibles condemned by Royal proclamation

1534 – Frankfurt Book Fair

1534 – The Act of Supremacy made Henry VIII head of the English church

1535 – first complete English translation of the Bible, by Miles Coverdale, in Zurich

1535 – John Calvin published Institution of the Christian Religion in which he explains the idea of the elect and the damned

1540 – Great Bible published; first English Bible to be officially sanctioned

1543 – Nicolas Copernicus’ De revolutionibus published; considered to mark the start of the scientific revolution

1547 – accession of King Edward VI

1553 – accession of Queen Mary

1557 – Stationers Company Incorporated

1558 – accession of Queen Elizabeth I

1559 – Pope Paul IV creates the Index of Prohibited Books

1560 – Geneva Bible published (Calvinist)

1568 – Bishops’ Bible published “to counter the extreme Protestantism of the Geneva Bible” (Norton Anthology of English Literature, v.1.1003)

1577 – Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles published

1582 – The Gregorian calendar adopted throughout most of Catholic Europe

1586 – Star Chamber decrees responsibility for licensing print on the Stationers’ Company; the records kept are called the Register of the Company of Stationers and are now commonly referred to as the Stationers’ Register

1588 – defeat of the Spanish Armada

1591 – first three books of Spenser’s Faerie Queene published

1596 – six books of projected 12 books of Spenser’s Faerie Queene published

1603 – death of Elizabeth I; accession of James I and VI

1611 – publication of the King James Bible

 

 
Notable English Authors

Prose writers:
Ascham, Roger: 1515 - 68
Harvey, Gabriel: 1550 - 1631
Sidney, Sir Philip: 1554 - 86
Nashe, Thomas: 1567 - 1601
Burton, Robert: 1577 - 1640
Walton, Izaak: 1593 - 1683
Poets:
Spenser, Edmund: 1552 - 99
Herbert, Mary: 1561 - 1621
Daniel, Samuel: 1562 or 63 - 1619
Drayton, Michael: 1563 - 1631
Lanyer, Aemilia: 1569 - 1645
Donne, John: 1572 - 1631
Herbert, George: 1593 - 1633
Dramatists:
Kyd, Thomas: 1558 - 94
Marlowe, Christopher: 1564 - 93
Shakespeare, William: 1564 - 1616
Dekker, Thomas: 1572 - 1632
Jonson, Ben: 1572 - 1637
Heywood, Thomas: 1574 - 1641
Webster, John: 1579(80) - 1634
Middleton, Thomas: 1580 - 1627
Beaumont, Francis: 1584 - 1616
 
   
Broad Themes (applicable to, but not necessarily exclusive to, the c16th)
Humanism
Protestantism (Anglicanism)
The wars of the Roses
the move from feudal to civil society
(arguably) the comparatively late arrival of the Renaissance to England
Petrarchism
Shift in versification from quantitative or accentual to accentual-syllabic
Aristoteleanism
Mimesis
Didacticism
Measurement
Colonialism
 
   
   
Return to Sonnet IIII.

This page last modified February 28, 2005